Thursday, June 30, 2011

Personal Statements on MFL

http://www.studential.com/personalstatements/getpscourse.asp?type=27

Useful for blog on learning foreign languages

http://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/cv/pgcestatements.htm
Univ Kent website gives lots of ideas

Sources of PDFs and e-books

http://findpdf.net/
(over 250 million pdf articles and e-books)

http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/view/iau/
(theses university of Leeds)

The conventional wisdom is that, under Norman rule, Sicily became a social and linguistic 'melting pot'. My thesis challenges this idea by showing how the extant linguistic data does not always present an accurate picture of the wider language situation and by arguing that Norman Sicilian society was often highly fragmented and characterised by a good deal of local variation.



Tuesday, June 21, 2011

ASSETT - based on can do statements


Use of Asset in Primary School


On googling ASSET_CASE_STUDY


Bournemouth
Local Authority
Hundreds of pupils in Bournemouth are
being given the opportunity to have their
languages skills recognised. All 10 secondary
schools in Bournemouth have registered for
Asset Languages and Bournemouth Local
Authority plans to introduce the scheme into
primary schools later this year.
Proud of its ethnic diversity and
multiculturalism,
Bournemouth is already
considered a popular
destination for language
students. The local
authority has ensured all secondary school pupils have
access to a diverse range of languages; as well as being
taught French, Spanish and German, they can also learn
Mandarin, Cantonese, Turkish, Polish, Persian,
Arabic, Panjabi, Urdu, Russian and
Gujarati, through either their
curriculum based languages
lessons or after-school
and lunchtime clubs.
Asset Languages
gives pupils the
opportunity to
have these skills
and achievements
recognised.
Bournemouth
local authority’s
modern foreign
languages advisor
Judith O’Hare says:
"Pupils have a broader
perspective of the world, and they
appreciate why we should celebrate
the multicultural, multilingual society we live in. Language
learning also promotes the ‘inclusion’ and
understanding of minority, community groups living in
the town. Speakers of
community languages
living in
Bournemouth,
for example,
are keen to
help their
friends
and peers
to learn
about
their
language,
country of
origin and
culture."
Students at Leicester
Adult Education College
Swanlea Secondary
School
Swanlea School is a co-educational school for 11 – 16
year olds set in the heart of Whitechapel, East London.
Attended by 1,050 students, the multi-cultural centre
was recently called "a smashing school" by Tony Blair.
As an East London based centre, Swanlea School is
already looking forward to welcoming the 2012
Olympics as a great opportunity to increase student
awareness of the need to learn languages. The school
wants to help pupils understand how they are part of a
larger community and how through working together
and communicating, they can make changes for the
better. The school,which is also a dedicated centre for
Business and Enterprise, believes that language
learning gives students the opportunity to look
further a field for employment and leisure, and
encourages awareness of different cultures.
In 2005, 55 Swanlea students from Years 8
and 9 took part in Asset Languages’ French
pilot scheme with impressive results.
Aldjia Touati, head of languages at
Swanlea School, introduced the scheme.
"At Swanlea School,we value the fact that
our students are from a diverse range of
backgrounds where many speak English as
a second language and converse in a
different language at home. The school
supports the languages department as
students perform well in
the subject and it is
seen as an
opportunity to
build self esteem.
"In 2005,Asset
Languages was
introduced to two mixed
ability groups at Swanlea
School, one class in Year 8,
one class in Year 9. At the
time, the Year 8 group were
studying French twice a week
whereas the Year 9 class were taught
French four times a week. For me, this meant that there
was a diverse range of abilities
to assess.
Swanlea School already
operates a policy to assess
learners every term for units completed, so introducing Asset
tests was also very straightforward – in fact student
feedback about the Asset assessments was very positive.
Students like the idea of being able to study and be assessed
at their own pace as well as receiving a formal certificate for
what they have achieved."
West
Berkshire
Primary
Consortium
Thomas,Year 6 – “I was so proud of myself
when I got my certificate.”
Benjamin,Year 6 – “I'm
really enjoying French since we've been doing the tests. I can
see that I'm getting better.”
Rosie,Year 6 – “I really want to do well in the tests because I
will feel proud of myself.”
Jonathan,Year 6 – “I think the tests are a great idea. They
show us how good we are at French!”
Andrew,Year 6 – “I think the tests are great because
they challenge you in all areas of French.”
From the parents…
Lisa - mother of Alex Yr 6 – "I think that the
scheme is excellent because it encourages
children to learn French well at an early age. The
children are very eager to do well in the tests
and are not frightened of them which will
obviously boost their confidence."
And from the languages teacher, Siân…
"The Asset Language assessment scheme is a great
motivational tool for all pupils. The children feel that
they have real proof of their achievements. The teacher
assessments provide for regular and fairly instantaneous
feedback to which all children respond
positively. For primary children it
helps with the transfer to
secondary school as they feel
more confident in their
ability in the subject area."
"My
first impression of Asset
was how easy it was to implement
into my existing lesson plans. I didn’t
need to teach anything new as the Asset
Language topics matched our schemes of
work very well.“
Aldjia Touati,head of languages,
Swanlea School
"We are proud to
be one of the first centres to
award Asset Language
qualifications. Being involved in the
pilot scheme has been an exciting
experience for us."
Cecilia Rojas,Tutor Organiser,
Leicester Adult Education
College
"The
Asset Languages scheme
has certainly helped my children.
They have responded positively to the
tests and to the certificates. A welcome
addition to the school timetable."
Karen,mother of Thomas Yr 6
and Kathryn Yr 4
Cedars School Students
"Teenagers
in the town have a real
aptitude for languages; they find
learning fun and interesting and want to
discover more about the different languages,
cultures,groups and communities that co-exist in
today’s multicultural Bournemouth – we’d
estimate that over 20 languages are actually
spoken in the town.”
Judith O’Hare,modern foreign languages
advisor, Bournemouth
Local Authority

Friday, May 13, 2011

Getting kids to grow up learning Arabic

Stumbled upon this Wordpress blog by American(?)  married to professor of Arabic.

http://uaehomeschool.wordpress.com/2011/01/09/teaching-arabic/#comment-346

She seems to think that children should learn fisHa at home!!


Tuesday, May 3, 2011

http://www.amazon.com/Guidelines-Barefoot-Language-Learning-Independence/dp/0932311008/ref=cm_cr_pr_sims_t

Barefoot-Language-Learning-Independence

10 of 10 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars A treasure trove of help for learning a second language, June 6, 1999
By A Customer
This review is from: Guidelines for Barefoot Language Learning: An Approach Through Involvement and Independence (Paperback)
Do you want to learn and use a foreign language? Or, in Larson's words, are you someone who "lives or is preparing to live in a community where residents use a language that is different from your own?" Consider this a must-have book. The first third of the book lays out a bare-bones description of what it takes to learn a new language, what helps and hinders the process, and how to go about doing it as effectively as possible. The last two-thirds of the book is composed of daily guidelines designed to move the learner down the road toward fluency.Larson's book is a treasure-trove for language learners. He covers the spectrum from learning language basics to dealing with interpersonal difficulties and workplace challenges. Those familiar with Brewster and Brewster's "Language Acquisition Made Practical" (LAMP) will be delighted with the practicality of Larson's detailed descriptions of 200 day-to-day learning situations.
While the book describes how to learn a language while living in a community, it is also a helpful resource for classroom learning. The principles described can be a help in evaluating and learning whatever may be missing from the classroom curriculum.
Anyone who finds this book helpful should also check out Larson's "Becoming Bilingual" as well as "Language Acquisition Made Practical," by E. Thomas Brewster and Elizabeth S. Brewster.
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5.0 out of 5 stars An Invaluable guide for going from one culture to another, October 26, 2009
By 
J. Westlund (Sheboygan, WI USA) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   
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This review is from: Guidelines for Barefoot Language Learning: An Approach Through Involvement and Independence (Paperback)
Dr. Larson is a former professor who I had the privilege to interact with directly. His forte is his ability to deal with the issues of going from one culture to another culture and how to best make yourself one with the culture you are entering. He does this in the context of language, but his principles can be applied more broadly as well.

Peatrick Hall (Connection with Lamp)

Patrick Hall Whole World Guide

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars A useful first guide to language learning, August 18, 2010
This review is from: Whole World Guide to Language Learning (Paperback)
Despite its age (it was published in 1989), I found this book to be a useful addition to my collection on language learning. I like the fact that it's brief, and easily readable. The tone is inforaml (and at times even humorous), but the information conveyed is clearly based on the author's hard-earned experience.

The book is primarily aimed at those who are immersed in a culture where a language is spoken, where opportunities to hear and use a language are not limited. Nonetheless, the advice is applicable to anyone who has at least some interaction with a language. If you want to make progress learning Mandarin in Beijing, or English in Cincinnati, or Spanish in Madrid, you're *still* going to have to make the effort to get out there and talk to people. This book can't make you do that, but it can give you tips about how to plan ahead so that when you work up the courage, you'll be ready to make some real progress.

The primary learning technique that Marshall advocates is called "The Daily Learning Cycle." This is a set of repeatable steps:

1) Decide what you want to learn. How to introduce yourself? How to buy milk? How to ask directions?

2) Prepare a script. Try to ask a native speaker to help you come up with a good dialog for a particular situation you have decided to work on. You'll acquire vocabulary through this process, and also a sense of what is correct language for a given situation -- should you speak formally or informally?

3) Practice. You should practice the script until you have it down pat. Marshall gives various approaches to creating helpful drills here. There is some great advice here.

4) Communicate what you've learned. Take your script out into the world, and use it. Marshall's portraits of what might actually happen when you try to pull off this scary step are entertaining and a bit humbling, but from my own experience, quite realistic! You have to grow a thick skin if you really want to become a competent language learner.

5) Evaluate. This is a great idea, and one that I have tried to start implementing myself. Once you're done trying out your newly acquired phrases in the real world, you should analyze your progress. Which words did you find difficult to pronounce? Which words did you forget? Were the reactions I got what I was expecting?

Next Marshall addresses proficiency, and how to measure it. He gives tips on goal setting, and a graded proficiency scale that you can use to see how far you've come, and how far you have to go. This is something that I think a lot of autodidact language learners (myself included) fail to do, and they end up losing motivation. Setting and achieving clear goals is a great way to feel like you're making progress.

Chapter four addresses the human relationships in language learning: between the learner and community members, and especially between the learner and a mentor. He discusses how to find a good mentor, and the issue of compensation.

Chapter five gives a selection of sample lesson plans. These have whimsical titles like "Quickly sir, what do you have for diarrhea? Or, How to Plan for Sudden Distress." Very practical, and worth studying.

The sixth chapter, "Techniques and Tricks" is, as its title suggests, a bit of a grab-bag: time management, using visual aids, memory tricks, and so on. Any of these topics could be expanded, but it will get your ideas going.

The final chapters cover learning at home before you leave, and suggests that you do things like visit ethnic restaurants related to wherever you're going. There's also advice on the long-term view: what do you do if you exhaust all the opportunities for formal training in your target language? Then you *must* become a self-directed learner.

Finally comes an annotated bibliography, which is itself a very useful resource. For whatever reason, the literature on self-directed language learning is rather on the outskirts of mainstream linguistics, and even other language-related fields like language acquisition and second-language instruction. There were several titles in here that I plan to track down.

So, all in all I would say this is a great guide for anyone who hopes to learn a language on their own. It's also a nice antidote to the fact that most literature on this topic is burdened with missionary terminology promoting a specific religious viewpoint. Language learning is not, in and of itself, religious in nature. So secular texts like this one, although they are far and few between, are very valuable indeed. My only complaint is that this text could be longer.

Highly recommended.

Thursday, March 31, 2011

Susan Carmichael

http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/marcharticles_sc.php


An Expose of 'What Is An English Teacher.
Author
Ms. Susan Carmichael
Bio:
Ms. Carrmichael obtained her Masters of Education from Leeds University, and has been a teacher trainer for 7 years in the U.K.

English Teachers. Really?
Before any logical research can delve into 'pronunciation' issues, an examination of the word "teacher" needs closer scrutiny, which till now, has made pedagogical assumptions (as related to the specific field of pronunciation teaching) that are no longer valid in the TEFL teaching world. All academic research uses the word "teacher" as if there were one clear and indisputable idea as to what is a "teacher." This is fatalistic and research, models, ideas and proposals will flounder at the outset unless clear emphasis is given to just what is "a teacher." Prator (1991, 17) says, "…in the teaching situation it is the methods used, more than any other factor, that determine the results achieved." Crookes and Chaudron (1991, 46) suggest, "Our conception of the teacher is someone faced with a great number of decisions to be made at every moment of classroom instruction."

Peck (1991, 364) says, " …that teachers should individualize ESL instruction so that they teach in the ways in which students learn." Murcia and Goodwin (1991, 136) touch upon the quality, or at minimum, the desired quality of a 'teacher' by saying; "The teacher is ideally a native or near native speaker of the target language…" however they qualified their opinion in so far as they limit their comment to the field of pronunciation, and it does seem to exclude the possibility that a nonnative teacher can teach pronunciation, the antithesis of this work. However it is one of the isolated references to the fact and realization that 'teachers' of ESL do not need to be qualified at the outset.

H. Douglas Brown (1994, 279, 11.1) almost noted the importance of the word 'teacher' but limited his observations to a graph whereby against the word 'teacher' he wrote, "Attitude - training," This he noted in relation to Krashen's theory of Input and factors affecting it. Yet it is one of the few serious attempts to place responsibility fairly on the teacher. He does go on briefly to state; "A theory of second language acquisition includes an understanding … for classroom contexts, of what teaching is." This begs the question, what does he think teaching is, and why leave such an important topic to be glossed over? However, the literature is endless whereby vague assumptions at the outset attach skills and or qualifications to the "teacher." Pennington (1989, 7) does say that the 'quality' of teaching must be considered and taken into account in determining what results can be expected, but again offers no cues as to how to determine that quality, especially in a market place the size of the EFL world.

Bley-Vorman (1993:49) asks whether "…formal instruction really makes a difference in foreign language learning? Might not mere exposure to native speaker input be equally effective?" He notes that while some instruction may be successful, some in fact may be harmful and impede the learner, nevertheless he concludes without conviction that based on minimal research, and accepting the theories of Krashen and Seliger (1975), and Long (1983), it seems that instruction from a qualified teacher "…does aid foreign language learning."

Universities and colleges around the world offer a three or four year university degree, or one year post graduate degree course to enable students of that country to qualify for a teaching certificate or license. Korean English teachers in Middle schools major in English at university, whilst Elementary school teachers have a more general education, yet education based. Some teach English within the Elementary curricula, whilst teachers who have majored in English are gradually becoming the norm.

However the world of TEFL is vastly different. With little exception, most non-English speaking countries will employ a native English speaker to "teach" English provided that person presents any degree from his countries university. That degree may range from Science with a major in Botany, to Psychology. In other words, anyone with a university degree can travel to non-English speaking country and become a "teacher of English as a second/foreign/another language." Often it is these teachers that fall within the negative connotation of being an "…elitist or purist…" teacher. (Offner, 1995) These pseudo teachers often force 'their superior form of language' onto the foreign language student. (Offner, 1995).

Although there has been no research done and statistics are not available, it can be assumed that the majority of native English teachers teaching English in a given foreign country do not have formal second language teaching qualifications. They, nevertheless, are English teachers by virtue of their contract, albeit they may not have any idea or understanding of what it means to be a teacher, let alone the basic knowledge that goes to make up being an English teacher and its attendant responsibilities.

Consider Greece, the domain of teaching as overseen by both Cambridge University and the Greek PALSO (1) organization, a quasi-governmental agency setting standards and levels for the "Frontesterio" system of private language schools. Over 7,600 private schools exist to teach English in Greece. The only qualification by the Greek government for the native speaker of English is that he/she has 'any' university degree. This teacher will then be responsible for teaching classes ranging from elementary level to the ultimate proficiency level. Proficiency level exams are conducted by Cambridge University and administered by that institution. The successful candidates can go on to either open private language schools or teach in them.

Consider the Czech Republic, so long dominated by communism and its non-democratic ways. There any native English speaker will qualify as a teacher. A degree is desirable, but the difficulty in finding a native teacher to work in the Czech Republic where wages are minimal means that the requirement of presenting a degree can be overlooked. A correspondence course TEFL certificate will do just fine. And the native English teacher in that country will be expected to give lessons from both primary and supplementary materials.

The Korean system is more rigid in that the native English teacher must present a degree to receive his work visa as a teacher. However, it is widely known that private schools employ non-degreed teachers as often no others can be found. It is also known that U.S. military personnel give English lessons to students despite their total lack of educative knowledge.


And although I say teachers in 'foreign countries' are generally untrained, consider the American school system, viz. "As the number of linguistically and culturally diverse students entering American schools increases, more and more teachers are faced with the challenge of educating children with limited English skills. Many of these teachers, however, have had little or no training in second language development and need guidelines to help them understand the process young children undergo as they learn a second language." (ERIC. 1995) However, the standard for threshold test gives no 'guidelines?'

Thus this use of the word "teacher" is the fundamental flaw of hitherto research wholus bolus. The assumption that a teacher is qualified limits the validity of any notion that "teachers can make a difference" in the teaching of pronunciation. For the purpose of this paper, native teachers of English will be referred to as "qualified teachers," or "non qualified teachers." The former are those defined as presenting an accepted university qualification beyond or equivalent to a teaching degree/license in their native country and having had at least one years minimum foreign teaching experience of the English language. The latter are those employed as teachers of English to teach English to foreign students whilst not possessing any recognized or formal teaching qualification from a recognized/registered institution.

To this extent one must briefly consider Certificates, such as TEFL certificates or the like (the market place is now amply endowed with short term certificate courses) yet some courses are of minimal duration. This is not to say the certificate is not useful, but I argue the possession of such a certificate does not entitle the holder to call himself a (qualified) English teacher.


Teaching English as a foreign language is severely hampered by the fact that teachers are on the whole, nonspecifically educated teachers. That raises the questions, namely are these teachers competent to teach to a satisfactory level, and in addition, are formally educated teachers able to effectively teach pronunciation skills? Consider the recent "requirements" for one to be a teacher of TEFL, employed in such positions as a Teacher trainer (EPIK. English Program in Korea, 2) and Classroom assistant (Japan JET program, 3)

EPIK. Level 1 teacher A university degree, a TEFL certificate and at least two years teaching experience.
Level 2 teacher. Any university degree and some experience teaching.
Level 3 teacher. Any university degree.

However, in EPIK, despite the categories, most teachers do the same job, namely teaching in Teacher Training Institutes or District Boards of Education, and advising Korean English teachers just how to teach English. Just what is taught is left to the imagination of the individual with no ongoing or preliminary assessment, whereas in Japan the native teacher is alongside a Japanese teacher and both (in theory) assist in teaching or giving information to students. This program (EPIK) is far more ambitious than the JET (Japan) program that seems more balanced to promoting cultural relationships and understandings between Japanese children and western persons. (This program generally employs first year university graduates who need not be specifically trained in education.) EPIK wisely concentrates on Teacher development, whilst JET concentrates on student development. However, the program has collapsed from its 1996 heyday of 1000 Non Native teachers per year to the current 80 or so teachers who come into the program. The reasons are beyond the scope of this work, but seemingly relate to low pay as compared to the 'hogwon' industry.

Also to be considered is the Chinese NET program, where the demand is on qualifications and experience, but more rigid than the foregoing two systems in so far as emphasis is placed on the actual educational qualification as opposed to the 'any other scenario.' Nevertheless, teachers employed under this program are placed in a Band 1- 5 schools to teach High school students with little or no thought given to the efficient rendering of services by highly qualified personnel. In "A comparative study of the EPIK and JET program," (Ahn, Park, Ono, 1998) it was found in a survey of Epik teachers that only 26% of the native English teachers in Korea had a teaching certificate, (this including a TEFL certificate.) At that stage of the report, the teachers the subject of the report (both countries) were employed to teach in middle and high schools alongside Korean or Japanese teachers in a team-teaching situation. The survey, whilst flawed by regional bias, indicated on one hand that the "…most serious problems arose from cultural conflicts. Some ELI's (English language instructors) "…argued with teachers and yelled at them." Clearly this shows just what a world of difference there exists in expectations as to what a native English teacher should be!

Forget that he is not qualified or alternatively very qualified; the report specifically looks to the more embarrassing cultural conflicts that may arise. The report further criticized the EPIK teachers, viz., "They are not professionally trained teachers and have difficulties in controlling the class when they teach alone." This despite the fact team teaching meant the Epik did not teach alone! However, in a nutshell it can be said the idea of team-teaching had great merit but suffered from innumerable overwhelming problems. Had the program been attempted in Elementary schools, (for reasons to lengthy to go into) it arguably would have been a wonderful success.

The Japanese program, JET, said of its native English teachers;- "Due to the increased exposure to spoken English, students listening and speaking skills greatly improved." And as the JET teachers taught phonics,… "It seemed they (the students) improved their pronunciation due to this." However in summary, the authors conclude, "In both EPIK and JET programs very few ALTs and ELIs have had prior teaching experience or (hold) teaching certificates. They lack professionalism as teachers."

Sadly a so-called academic report fails to objectively identify the actual problems, thus lacks face validity and whose answers similarly lacked objective validity. The report merely suggests, prima facie, that it is not 'teaching professionalism' that the authorities want. However, the experience of the 1990s has been replaced with the wisdom of the experience. Nevertheless, it does, if nothing else shows that 'qualified professional teachers,' are to the greater extent, not teaching EFL classes in government programs in Korea and Japan.

However the foregoing is the 'upper end" of the spectrum in so far as 'teaching credentials" go, for private institutions merely require 'any' qualification. Of course Universities demand a minimum of a Ma, however the amazing flaw in this demand is that one can have a degree in Forestry and a Masters in the same field, and be 'qualified' to teach English at University level. The stories and reports of incompetent teaching are legend and plentiful! Students at well-known Korean National University, for example, recently queried why their foreign 'professors' did not hold teaching qualifications, only to be informed that employment of foreign professors was done by an outside agency!

One final thought on teaching that deserves place in such an inquiry is an opinion on salaries. For many years second language teaching was the domain of backpacking non-qualified English speaking persons as they roamed the world. Nowadays there has been a shift towards recruiting the more professional or experienced teacher. However, although studies are non-existent, those native English speakers who teach second languages may fall into one of the following categories.
i) those seeking a one or two year adventure away from their homeland
ii) those specifically hired for a project (N.E.T. JET. EPIK) who must fulfill entry requirements
iii) Those who can't find a job in their homeland Interestingly, most second language teachers in Asia seem to be Canadian, where unemployment runs high, whilst in Europe the teachers are predominantly from the United Kingdom, however this has more to do with European Union law than any other factor, whilst in the former soviet satellites, the predominant teacher is from the United States.
iv) Those qualified and professional teachers who have made their target country their second home and accept local conditions

Those who teach English as a second language in another country have to accept that countries system of payment. However, when compared to the major English speaking countries, U.S. U.K or Australia, salaries in the second language teaching country are far below what a professional can get at home. Hence this raises questions about just what professional will leave his well paid job with benefits and go and teach in another country. The answer is patently obvious. No one! The Korean Herald (9th May 2000) notes that most professional western English educators head to Japan for the financial rewards offered by that country, and sadly laments that only unqualified western 'teachers' teach in Korea. Whilst based on no apparent empirical data, it definitely overlooks the proven fact that Koreans score far better on the TOEFL test than Japanese students; Korea holds 19th position whilst Japan holds 41st! Thus an argument can be made (inter-alia) that the 'teachers' in Korea are doing a far better job than their counterparts in Japan!

But it is unrealistic for the second language country to expect or demand teachers with high qualifications when they offer benefits far below what can be obtained home. What they can demand is that the teachers have a minimum of applicable qualifications at the least. However, it must be asserted forcefully that the quality of teaching of second languages in countries where English is not the native tongue will fall far below the levels that that country would ideally desire, as language teachers are not rightfully language teachers in the majority of circumstances.
One alternative to worrying about the native English speaker's competence would be, if that teacher was a nonprofessional teacher, then his sole duty would be to facilitate 'communication classes.' As Ellis (1996) notes, "…three functions of foreigner talk can be identified,
(1) to promote communication,
(2) to signal implicitly or explicitly, speakers attitudes towards their interlocutors,
(3) to teach the target language implicitly."

Hatch, (1983) in reference to point 1, indicates that the teacher can simplify and make language utterances easier between student and teacher. Clearly the nonprofessional teacher has a role in the communicative form of teaching. Richards. J. (1990, 67) notes a place for the untrained teacher but also highlights the lack of clear thought as to just what role a teacher should really take on; "The conversation class is something of an enigma in language teaching. In some language programs it is an opportunity for untrained native speakers to get students to talk for the duration of a class period using whatever resources and techniques the teacher can think of. In language programs where trained teachers are available they are left to their own resources…"

However the teacher, trained or untrained, according to Hatch, (1983) must learn to adjust his speech to the student, namely by simplifying and clarifying his responses in accordance with the feedback he receives from the communication learner. The other 2 points referred to by Ellis (1996) above are beyond the teaching competence of the nonprofessional teacher to facilitate. (also see; Speech coach chapter herein and Teacher talk)


Pickert (1978) suggests that "…good language learners…" want a teacher who is systematic, and logical, and easy to understand, but rather take charge of their own learning than have the teacher control this aspect, thus treating them as 'informants' rather than a stereotypical teacher. This places a serious burden on a teacher to self evaluate his style and adapt accordingly, though it does suggest the teacher needs a double personality, one for good language learners and one for the others. This idea is further expanded subsequently in this study under 'speech coach.'

Klein (1995, 167) suggests there is much more to do even before we can successfully begin to teach teachers how to teach a second language. "Research on second language acquisition has too short a history to supply conclusive evidence on any important question. "…in some areas there are the indications of a firm foundation upon which we can build."
What can be said is that with the development of the market place, which grows significantly each year in the number of language learners, the number of schools teaching English, and the number of 'teachers' entering the market place, much greater consideration and emphasis will be placed on the qualities of the teacher, not only by the teaching institutions, but by the students themselves.

Non-native English teachers.
Of course one significant difference between the nonnative teacher and visiting native English teacher will be that the nonnative English teacher will have received his/her qualification from an institution of higher learning. This immediately places that teacher as a professional teacher, and undoubtedly there can be feelings of quiet discontent between the two teachers, for the nonnative English teacher sees themselves as qualified whereas their counterpart, the native English speaker is probably not. Yet the nonnative teacher may naturally feel 'inferior,' for his/her pronunciation/fluency will not meet the standards of the native English speaker. And undoubtedly some nonnative English teachers will not enjoy speaking in English and conduct their classes with as minimal a spoken English as possible.

Yet the non native's knowledge of English grammar will most likely be perfect, indeed far superior to the native speaker for the native English speaker rarely studies grammar during schooling or university, unless training specifically for that.
All that can be suggested for nonnative English teachers is that there is no substitute for oral practice, no matter how good or bad their perceived level of English is. Indeed, one of the clear psychological factors present in many nonnative English teachers is a belief that their 'pronunciation' of English is bad, when in fact it is not. It is suggested that those who hold this belief indeed show their acute awareness of the depth and intensity of 'pronunciation' and are well on the road to speaking with what can only be termed, 'a very satisfactory level' of English pronunciation.

The English teacher's goals.
Irrespective of who the teacher is, (if we accept, and it seems a 'must' situation, that teachers can be unqualified) then according to Nation.I. (1995) the four learning goals that the teacher will encounter are: -
§ Language: vocabulary, grammar, phonology.
§ Ideas: content of subject matter.
§ Skill: fluency, accuracy, strategies, process skills, speed-reading, note taking, essay writing.
§ Text: discourse rules, text types (narrative, problem solving, instructions, inquiry.)

Of course not every item is inherent in every teaching system. Some are emphasized at the expense of others on national levels. For example the Czech Republic ignores the issue of writing skills and concentrates on reading and speaking. Greece utilizes all skills, whilst Korea currently emphasizes reading and listening, however the Government is now attempting to encourage speaking skills, especially at the elementary level despite not introducing or installing a vocabulary level sufficient to achieve this ideal. Unfortunately, despite Hirsch.D. (1997) suggesting that teachers have to pose the question, "What am I trying to teach my learners?" the teacher of English often has no such choice to make as he follows a set text that may or may not achieve something useful and tangible. But Hirsch.D (1977) does suggest that activities should be seen to be suitable and that the teacher be prepared to give assistance in achieving that goal. And to that end he suggests 'goal setting' as the ultimate tool for successful teaching. And the choice of learning goals is an activity that depends largely on the learning needs of the learners and their current level.

Given the rapid developments pertaining to the advantages of Meaning Negotiations (Pica, 1994; Gass, 1997; Long, 1996; Schmidt, 1990; Shehadeh, 1999) in the second language classroom, it could be forcefully argued that L2 instructors have, if educated in meaning negotiations, provide an important role specifically for SLA and not only as teachers of pronunciation.

1. PALSO. Pan Hellenic Langauge Schools Asscoiation. Non government authority that oversees Greece's private school system.
2. EPIK. English Program In Korea. Korean government funded foreign langauge teacher program .
3. JET. Japanese government funded program for foreign language tecahers in Japan

Index.
Ahn. Soo wong, Park Mae Ran, & Ono S. 1986. A comparative study of the EPIK and JET program. In English Teaching. Vol. 53 No 3. 241-267.
Crookes.G. & Chaudron.C. 1998. 'Guidelines for classroom language teaching.' in Celce-Murcia (Ed), Teaching English, Heinle & Heinle 46-66.
Douglas-Brown.H. 1994. Principles of language learning & teaching. Prentice Hall. Lon.
Douglas-Brown. H. 1994. Teaching by Principles.Prentice Hall Regents. Lon.
Ellis.R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford. O.U.P.
Gass, S. 1997. Input, Interaction and the Second Language Learner. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Hatch. E. 1978. Discourse analysis and second language learning. Newberry house Publishers.
Klein.W. 1996 Second Language Acquisition.Cambridge University Press. Cam.
Long.M. 1977. Teacher feedback on learner errors. In Brown H.D. Yorio & Crymes. 1977
Long. M. 1983. Does second language instruction make a difference? TESOL Quarterly 17: 359-382
Long, M.. 1996. The role of linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In W.Ritchie & T.Bhatia (eds), Handbook of Research on Second Language Acquisition. New York: Academic. 413-468
Nation. I. 1982. Beginning to learn foreign vocabulary. A review of the research. RELC Journal 13. 1. 14-36
Nation. I. 1995. Teaching listening and speaking. ELI Occasional publication. Victoria University Wellington.
Offner. M. 1995. Communicating in English. Flexibility within a norm. Bulletin Aichi Institute of Technology. Japan Vol. 30. Part A. 23-29
Peck. S. 198. Second Langauge Acquisition, in Celce-Murcia. Ed. Teaching English Heinle & Heinle 1991. 353
Pennington. M. 1989. Teaching pronunciation from the top down. RELC journal 20/1 21-38
Pickett. G 1978. The foreign language learning process, London. The British council.
Prator.C. 1991. 'Corner stones of method and names for the profession.' In Celce-Murcia (Ed) Teaching English, Heinle & Heinle 11-22
Prator. C. & Robinett. C. 1995 A manual of American English pronunciation. 4th ed. NY. Holt, Reinhart and Winston
Schmidt, R. 1990. The role of consciousness in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics. 11, 219-258.
Shehadeh, A. 1990. Non- Native Speakers Production of Modified Comprehensible Output and Second LanguageLearning. Language Learning, 49(4). 627-675.

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

Opus -an open source parallel corpus

http://opus.lingfil.uu.se/

OPUS - an open source parallel corpus

OPUS is a growing collection of translated texts from the web. In the OPUS project we try to convert and align free online data, to add linguistic annotation, and to provide the community with a publicly available parallel corpus. OPUS is based on open source products and the corpus is also delivered as an open content package. We used several tools to compile the current collection. All pre-processing is done automatically. No manual corrections have been carried out.
The OPUS collection is growing! Check this page from time to time to see new data arriving ...
Contributions are very welcome! Please contact

News

  • 2010-04-06: New sub-corpus: SETIMES - A parallel corpus of the Balkan languages
  • 2010-03-21: New sub-corpus: SPC - Stockholm Parallel Corpora (English-Greek & English-Chinese)
  • 2010-02-24: A new version of the KDE4 corpus is available (v.2)
  • A new version of the EMEA corpus is available! (v0.3):
    22 languages, 310 million tokens; also available in MOSES/GIZA++ & TMX format!
Search & Browse Tools Downloads & Samples:


Please look at the publications below for more information about OPUS.
Please cite the
last or the first one in the list if you use any part of the corpus in your own work!

Publications

Jörg Tiedemann, 2009,
News from OPUS - A Collection of Multilingual Parallel Corpora with Tools and Interfaces [pdf] In N. Nicolov and K. Bontcheva and G. Angelova and R. Mitkov (eds.) Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (vol V), pages 237-248, John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia
Jörg Tiedemann, 2008,
Synchronizing Translated Movie Subtitles. [pdf] In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'2008)
Jörg Tiedemann, 2007,
Building a Multilingual Parallel Subtitle Corpus. [pdf] In Proceedings of CLIN 17, Leuven, Belgium, 2007.
Jörg Tiedemann, 2007,
Improved Sentence Alignment for Movie Subtitles. [pdf] In Proceedings of RANLP '07, Borovets, Bulgaria, 2007.
Jörg Tiedemann, to appear
OPUS - an open source parallel corpus. [pdf] In Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 2003.
Jörg Tiedemann, Lars Nygaard, 2004
The OPUS corpus - parallel & free. [pdf] In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'04). Lisbon, Portugal, May 26-28.

Monday, March 28, 2011

Cook and Lightbown

http://www.amazon.co.uk/product-reviews/0340958766/ref=sr_cr_hist_5?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=0&filterBy=addFiveStar

How-Languages-are-Learned-Lightbown and Spada









5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent overview, 2 Sep 2004
An excellent overview of the field of second language acquisition and targeted at practising language teachers or trainee teachers. It is not a guide to SLA research methodology, nor is it an overall guide to language teaching methods, "only to those which connect with an SLA perspective."
Each chapter has some activity section, like a questionnaire to answer, or some provocative questions, so that the reader becomes more aware of their attitudes and beliefs about second language learning and teaching.
Each chapter is divided into a number of sections, and each major section begins with a short glossary of technical terms, which I found particularly helpful, as some of the sections are quite technical (e.g. the section on pronunciation). Each chapter ends with some discussion topics and suggestions for further reading.
The main topics are: grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary, writing, memory (short-term, working, and longer-term), listening processes, codeswitching, motivation, individual factors that affect language acquisition, the different roles of second languages in societies and some of the different goals of language teaching around the world, models of L2 learning (Universal Grammar, input hypothesis, etc), learning and teaching styles (academic, audio-lingual, communicative, mainstream EFL).
Cook has been Reader at the Department of Language and Linguistics at Essex University, UK, but is taking up a new post at the University of Newcastle in October 2004. Cook is not afraid of sticking in his own opinions, although he of course remains objective, as behoves an academic author. For instance, after a good general summary of CLL (community language learning), Cook adds: "The aim is not....to be able to do anything with language in the world outside. It is to do something here and now in the classroom, so that the student, in Curran's words, 'arrives at a more positive view of himself, of his situation, of what he wishes to do and to become' (Curran, 1976). A logical extension is the therapeutic use of language teaching for psychotherapy in mental hostipals."
A strong point of this book is the frequent references (indexed) to various EFL and ESL course books (over 50) published in the last 20 years or so, and in the first chapter there is a section on "technique analysis" in which the reader is guided to an analysis of a published textbook to discover the background assumptions of the activities, the type of language input (written, spoken, discourse or fragments, etc) and what activities the students actually do.
This book provides a very useful link between SLA research and classroom teaching through published textbooks taken from a wide variety of countries. Most of the book focuses on EFL "mainly because this is the chief language that has been investigated in SLA research"; however there are frequent references to other languages, including Asian tongues, which often throw English (and other Romance languages) into relief. The layout, headings and indeces make it easily "random-accessed". Even if you have taken an MA course in Applied Linguistics or in TESOL, you are sure to find something you did not know either about language, language acquisition or about your own teaching style and beliefs, and feel stimulated and encouraged to return to your classroom with refreshed curiosity and enthusiasm. (This review refers to the paperback 3rd edition, 2001).
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12 of 13 people found the following review helpful:
5.0 out of 5 stars Course Book, 12 Mar 2002
By 
I have studied Second Language Acquisition as part of my Spanish and TESOL degree, and I found this book invaluable. It presents the information in a particularly clear and lucid way.Unlike some other couse books on this subject, the author's arguments are objective, not subjective. I can thoroughly recommend this as a course book for TESOL, or for anyone with an enquiring mind and an interest in languages. 
Lightbown & Spada
61 of 65 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars Jargon free, 17 Aug 2004
This book, first published in 1999, is now in its second edition, and forms part of OUP's "Handbooks for Language Teachers" series. The target audience is teachers, especially (but not only)trainees, and the aim is to help teachers judge the merits of different textbooks and methodologies in the field of EFL/ESL.
While the book assumes some knowledge of teaching and of basic linguistics, it does not assume a lot of specialized knowledge in either linguistics or SLA research; a technical glossary is provided. As a language teacher myself, I found the book very interesting and useful. Lightbown and Spada have done a good job of organizing and describing the different approaches to EFL/ESL and the most important developments in SLA research over the last 100 years or so.
The introduction includes a short summary of each chapter. It also includes a simple questionnaire on 12 popular views of language learning; the implications are that teachers' styles and approaches are determined largely by what they believe about language and learning, and that these beliefs should be at least informed by knowledge of research in the field.
As well as an index and bibliography, each chapter ends with a list of sources and suggestions for further reading.
Chapter 1 investigates how we learn our first language, and quotes actual examples from children's speech (including the authors' own). This is important because " one of the significant findings of second language acquisition research has been that there are important similarities between first and second language acquisition." The chapter looks at some important questions, like the importance of age, is there a critical period for learning a second language, is language learning just like any other kind of learning, how important are imitation and practice, and the how, when and how often to correct errors. Chapter 2 looks at theories which explain second language learning, including behaviourism, Chomsky's (and others') innatism, Krashen's monitor model, information processing and connectionism, and the interactionist theory. The authors describe the various theories clearly and simply, and also point out some of the unanswered questions left by each theory.
Chapter 3 examines factors that affect second language learning, including intelligence, aptitude, motivation, learner beliefs and age, and learner attitudes to the second language and its speakers. It also examines the characteristics of good language learners.
Chapter 4 looks at learner language, including interlanguage. A particularly fascinating section is on developmental sequences, and a comparison between the sequences of first-language learners and second-language learners.
Chapter 5, Observing Second Language Teaching, compares instructional and natural settings for language learning, and looks at various classroom interactions, with examples from actual transcripts. Of particular interest in chapters 3, 4 and 5 are the activities, sections where the reader is invited to reflect on their own learning experience or teaching practice. Some activities involve filling out tables or answering questionnaires, others assume that the reader is a practising teacher, or at least has access to a classroom of students.
Chapter 6 looks at five "proposals", the authors' term for methodology or approach to language teaching. The "proposals" though go beyond methodology or approach, sometimes combining several. The idea, presumably, is to encourage a fresh look at methodologies and approaches, particularly from the point of view of actual classroom practices and procedures. For instance, the first is "Get it right from the beginning", and the authors describe it thus: "The 'Get it right form the beginning' proposal for second language teaching probably best describes the way in which many of us were taught a second language in school. It includes the traditional approaches discussed in Chapter 5 - grammar translation and audiolingual approaches." Each proposal includes selections from transcripts of classroom interaction, and I found these to be particularly helpful, as well as interesting in their own right. Each proposal also gets a critique: "The students have no reason to get involved or to think about what they are saying. Indeed, some students who have no idea what the sentences mean will successfully repeat them anyway, while their minds wander off to other things." The proposals are also examined in the light of research findings. No one proposal gets 100% approval, and the pros and cons of each are presented.
Chapter 7 examines 12 popular ideas about language learning in the light of discovered facts and research. They include, "students learn what they are taught", "languages are learned mainly through imitation", and "teachers should teach simple structures before complex ones".
To summarize, the book uses simple language, deliberately eschewing SLA jargon, to describe a complex field for the benefit of teachers and trainee teachers. It is well organized and makes extensive (but not over-extensive) use of transcripts from interactions with children and second-language learners, both in classroom and natural settings. It covers the most important research findings in the last 50 years or so, and also the most significant methodologies and approaches developed over the last hundred years. While it is written for teachers, it does not assume a prior knowledge of research methods or theoretical issues, and it may be of interest also to advanced EFL/ESL learners, or to the general reader. Its main purpose is to help teachers judge the value and approach of the plethora of EFL/ESL textbooks now on offer. It is interesting to compare this book with Vivian Cook's "Second Language Learning and Language Teaching" (Arnold 2001, 3rd edition; distributed in the US by OUP). Cook's book is more technical, as the title implies, and includes a fuller discussion of language teaching, for example the learning and teaching of pronunciation, and contains excerpts from (and critiques of) various coursebooks and TEFL handbooks. It also discusses teaching techniques such as the negotiated syllabus, which is the kind of detail that Lightbown and Spada don't delve into. Cook's book is more useful, I think, for practising teachers, whereas Lightbown and Spada's book is a more general introduction, for trainee teachers or teachers re-training themselves to be EFL/ESL teachers.
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars clear explanations, 1 July 2009
This review is from: How Languages are Learned: An introduction to the main theories of first and second language acquisition (now in a new, updated edition). (Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers) (Paperback)
I bought this book to support some work I was doing for a level 5 diploma in teaching literacy. I looked at several books on this topic and found this one the best, not only for being up to date with a wide range of research ideas and theories, but also for explaining them coherently. Chapter 2, Explaining Second Language Learning, was particularly helpful. It also has a useful section at the end challenging some popularly held misconceptions about language learning.
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful:
4.0 out of 5 stars Reading as a Non-Teacher, 10 April 2009
By 
M. J. Holland (London, England) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   
This review is from: How Languages are Learned: An introduction to the main theories of first and second language acquisition (now in a new, updated edition). (Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers) (Paperback)
I, myself, am not a teacher (just a student) but found the content of this book suitably applicable to my A-Level English Language course. While not addressing in such a thorough manner the first language situation, it visits topics relevant to the course, and reaffirms one's knowledge in applying it to various situations. And well written too.
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3.0 out of 5 stars Very general overview, 2 April 2010
By 
Z. Eglite (Riga, Latvia) - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   
This review is from: How Languages are Learned: An introduction to the main theories of first and second language acquisition (now in a new, updated edition). (Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers) (Paperback)
A good read, but I felt like it touches upon important names and subjects just in passing. For teachers-to-be and students of linguistics I would rather recommend Introducing Second Language Acquisition by Saville-Troike, which I found better structured, explaining clearly the concepts and terminology of the field, as well as giving photos and short bios of the main authors in the field.
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5.0 out of 5 stars review, 23 July 2009
By 
J. M. Flynn - See all my reviews
(REAL NAME)   
This review is from: How Languages are Learned: An introduction to the main theories of first and second language acquisition (now in a new, updated edition). (Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers) (Paperback)
Excellent book.It has been fully updated to include latest developments in the linguistics field, relevant to English as an Additional Language as well as Modern Foreign Language teaching and TESOL. An essential reference and coursebook.
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